This doesn't seem like a looper question, more of a music composition (or jamming) question. Take the looper out of it - if you were sitting with a buddy, is there some riff he can play over and over that you can play a 12 bar blues over and it will work? Maybe, that's for you to figure out. Generally speaking, I'd say no - you usually can't just come up with some short repeated figure that you can play arbitrary chord progressions over. You have to think about the whole picture when you compose - making the harmony, melody, and "riffs" all fit together is part of designing (composing) what you want to create. With riff-based 12-bar blues, the riff usually adjusts to fit the changes.
The looper's just a tool that lets you play multiple parts yourself. It's still up to you to come up with parts that work. A little music fundamentals might help clear this up, or do a bit of studying on how tunes you like are constructed.
There are lots of examples of people who build tunes based on repeated riffs using a looper - check out Phil Keaggy, Ed Sheeran and others. Lots of examples on You Tube. But pay attention to how the music is constructed, not just the looper aspect..
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