In order:
musician
instrument
room acoustics
mic
preamp
AD converter
Decent monitoring gear is also important. Although it doesn't directly affect the quality of the recorded sound, in practice you need to be able to hear what you're doing clearly in order to get the best out of the equipment.
The first thing is to decide on a budget. A Zoom H2 can be a good place to start. Decent sound, good value.
Or, if you're looking for something better, there's no need to spend any more than $15,000, tops.
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