I have not read everything, so sorry of its already been posted....
a piano is by far the easiest wat to see and understand them...in simple terms, as long as you know the letter names of the notes on a piano, you know your modes...
they are simply scales that have NO BLACK KEYS....
they are simply scales that start on one note, say the C and walk all the way up on the white keys until you come to C again....
so what is called a C major scal is also what is call an Ionian modal scale...
If we go next door to the D, a Dorian mode scale is simply walking uo from the D on the white keys, until you hit the next D. Or simply D to D and all the white keys in between are a Dorian scale...
So each scale has its own INTERVAL PATTERN....which is the key to any scale....for example a major scales interval points are the half steps between the 3 and 4 and the 7 and 8 ....or quite simply ANY scale is simply a series of whole or half steps ascending or descending to the starting note....or going back home to the starting point,just either up an octave or down and octave
So we could be playing in the key of A minor and then if we wanted, play a Dorian scale over that simply by using the INTERVALS of the D to D scale THE PATTERN STAYS THE SAME RELATED TO HALF OR WHOLE STEPS...but you would end up playing different notes if you were in A minor than if you were to play a D dorian mode over say Dminor
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